Age+of+Anxiety

**__Vocabulary__** logical empiricism...........................existentialism...............................neutron id,ego, superego.............................functionalism................................stream-of-consciousness dadism.............................................Bauhaus........................................Dames Plan Mein Kampf.....................................Great Depression........................New Deal WPA.................................................Social Dempcrats.......................Popular Front "Little Entente" of 1921...................Ramsay MacDonald...................Ruhr crisis of 1923 Gustav Stressmann.........................Munich beer hall "revolution"of 1923 BBC..................................................John Maynard Keynes................Sergei Eisenstein Kellogg-Briand PAct, 1928............Friedrich Nietzche.......................Georges Sorel Ludwig Wittgenstein.......................Max Planck...................................Ernest Rutherford George Orwell.................................cubism...........................................expressionism
 * __Chapter 28: The Age of Anxiety__**

**__I. Uncertainty in Modern Thought__**

-Many of the ideas that were accepted during the enlightenment were no longer accepted. **Modern Philosophy** -Nietze, Berson, and Sorel all were new philosophers before 1914. - Nietzsche thought that western society was getting bad because of christian humility and the fact that people thought rationally rather than emotionally. -Bergson thought that spontaneity was just as important as rational thinking and scientific thinking. -Sorel thought that socialism would eventually succeed from common people making a violent strike. -Wittengenstein made Logical Empiricism, it said that philosophy was nothing more than human thought, it could not answer important questions like the meaning of life. -Heidegger, Jasper, Camus, and Sartre, al thought up existentialism which said that meaninlessness in life can be overcome by individual action -French were pretty hopeless after the war, so they liked existentialism **The Revival of Christianity** -Schweiter thought that Jesus was just a human, not a magic guy, he thought this before 1914, which was a popular thought. -After the WWI, many started becoming fundamental Christians again, like Kierkergaard, Barth, and Marcel. **The New Physics** -Before the 20s, people thought that science is a reason that they knew everything and could be optimistic. -Einstein and Plank worked on relativity and subatomic energy respectively. This proved wrong that people knew anything about science because it showed how improbable and huge the universe was, Heisenburg worked on this. **Freudian Physiology** -Before Freud, people thought that the human mind was easy to understand and rational. He said this is wrong, he said the mind is driven by ID, or irrational consciousness. This was made up of sex, aggresion, and pleasure seeking. -He also said that there is an ego and a superego, im sure that neither are these things too important so I wont read much into them. **Twentieth Century Literature** **-**The feeling of the people (negative) after WWI influenced how books were written. Most literature focused on irrationality of the mind. Proust wrote about psychological relativity in order to understand his own mind. -Woolf, Joyce, and Faulkner used something called streamofconsciousness, which means they randomly used styles from all sorts of periods of time. -Spengler, Kafka, and Orwell, were all writers who focused on future dystopian societies.


 * II. Modern Art and Music**

- The twentieth century saw art begin to unify - Artists began to look for new ways to express them selves

1. Architecture and Design - Modernism in the arts was loosely unified by a revolution of architecture - Functionalism- new principal that building those buildings should be useful and “functional”’ such as industrial products -Lucorbusier insisted that “a house is a machine for living in” - Louses H Sullivan used cheap steel, reinforces concrete, and electric elevators to build skyscrapers -German Speaking countries was the center of architecture -Walter Gropius designed the first building made out of just glass and iron in 1911 in Enfeld, Germany -Gropius also designed the **Bauhaus** which was a school of architecture which brought together leading modern architects, leading designers and theatrical innovators -Ludwig Mies von der Rohe followed the Bauhaus desing and desinged the Lake Shore Appartments in Chicago which became the leading desing after WW2. 2. Modern Painting -Modern painting grew out of the revolt of French Impressionism -Post impressionism or expressionist were already skriking out in new directions -Pablo Picasso (from Spain) founded the art form cubism -Wassily Kaninsky (from Russia) strayed away from nature in his painting "The Observer" C. Modern Music -Composers like artists were atracted by the emotional intensity and expression - The "Right of Spring" by Igor Stravinsky caused a riot when performed in Paris -Wozzech is a German musical about a gruesome tale of a soldier of WW1.

-commercial entertainment began to take over -the first motion picture "What the Butler Saw" was a naughty peep show was played in penny arcades in Paris. -the first movie house was in Los Angeles in 1902 -The "Great Train Robbery in 1903 was the first action movie -first full lengh films were the Italian "Quo Vadis" and the American "Birth of a Nation" The US became the dominant force in silent films -Charlie Chaplin was an Englishman working in Hollywood became the king of the "silver screen" -TV and Radio were important to propaganda -Hitler and Mussolini controlled the airwaves and spread information to mass amounts of people -the did this in democratic countries too -motion pictures such as Lenin's film about the Russian Revolution were good propoganda -A documentry, __The triumph of Will__ was based on the Nürnberg Rallys. -The media and mass culture were very dangerious for political manupulation.
 * III Movies and Radio**
 * -**until after WW2 art only appealed to the high brow and upper class rather than the general public

- **__IV__ __The search for Peace and Political Stability__**
 * ** Europe's government was not stable and were struggling **
 * Germany hated the Treaty of Versailles
 * France was fearful and isolated itself
 * Britain was undependable
 * The United States turned its back on European problems.
 * From 1925 to 1929, peace and stability were within reach
 * The collaspe in the 1930 mocked the hopes of peace and stability
 * 1) __**Germany and the Western Powers**__
 * France believed that an economically weak Germany was necessary for its security
 * French politicians believed that mass reparations from Germany were a vital economic necessity
 * Great Britain needed a prewar Germany
 * Prewar Germany was Great Britain's second best market in the world
 * John Maynard Keynes believed that the treaty of Versailles crippled the Europe
 * France and Great Britain disagreement drifted them apart
 * French and Belgian troops occupied Ruhr when Germany stopped paying their reparations
 * France occupied the German Rhineland
 * Germany became unemployed
 * Germany stopped it's works in the factory
 * Germany's economy fell
 * inflation and prices both increased greatly
 * Many blames the western government, Jews, and the communist governments
 * Gustav Stresemann  took control of Germany
 * called off resistance in the Ruhr
 * agreed to pay reparations to France
 * France and Germany decided to cooperation with one another

2. **__Hope in Foreign Affairs__** 3. **__Hope in Democratic Government__**
 * The Dawes Plan
 * the US gave money to Germany so that they can pay back the money to France and Britain
 * Than Britain and France payed back the money to the US
 * Leaders of Europe signed different treaties
 * Germany and France accepted their common border and Britain and Italy agreed to fight either if the other invaded.
 * Germany also agreed to settle boundaries disputes with Poland and Czechoslovakia.
 * Germany joined the League of Nations in 1926
 * 15 nations signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact
 * the pact "condemned and renounced war as an instrumental of national policy."
 * agreed to settle disputes peacefully
 * Hitler can in to a beer hall and proclaimed a national socialist revolution.
 * The plot was poorly organized and was easily crushed
 * He was thrown in jail
 * While in prison he wrote all in theories a his book called the **//Mein Kampf (My Struggle) //**
 * **// Democracy took seemed to stand in Weimar Germany. //**
 * **// new currency was established and the economy boomed //**
 * There were many division within the country
 * nationalist and monarchist
 * communist
 * socialist Social democrats
 * France
 * Communist and Socialist tried to gain support of the workers
 * Democratically elected government were in the hands of the moderates
 * Northern France rebuilt Paris and became the worlds cultural center
 * Britain has it's problems in the country as well
 * unemployment was s major problem in Britain
 * Britain's Labour Party revisionist socialism
 * The liberals were the main opposition to the conservatives
 * Ramsay McDonald governed with a smalled liberal party
 * Stanley Baldwin was under the conservatives

Key Terms: **//Mein Kampf -//** book written by Adolph Hitler, in which he outlines his theories and program for a "national socialist revolution."
 * __Dawes Plan__** - reparations commission headed by Charles G. Dawes that was accepted by Germany, France, and Britain, and reduced Germany’s yearly reparations, made payment dependant on German economic prosperity, and granted Germany large loans from the United States to promote recovery.

__V__ **__The Great Depression__** >
 * occurs in slumps and recessions
 * severity and duration greater than normal recessions
 * 1929-1933
 * recovery was uneven and slow
 * looked for leaders
 * democratic leaders
 * dicatators
 * socialism
 * 1) **__The Economic crisis__**
 * the stock market crash in october possible trigger
 * net investment fell $3billion dollars
 * value of shares plummets from 27billion- 87billion a share (cost)
 * buying "on margin" allows someone to pay for a portion and pay therest later
 * sell stocks if the prices rise in order to pay the debt
 * pay more for the share base value increase

2. **__Mass Unemployment__**
 * Britian's unemployment 12-18%
 * United states unemployment increased from 5%-33%
 * 14million out of work
 * Increase in suicide and mental illness
 * birthrates decrease as people could barely support themselves let alone a child
 * marriages postponed because of finances

3. **__The New Deal__**
 * Industrial production fell 50%
 * net income decrease 2/3
 * FDR forced government intervention in buisness
 * his plan of intervention and experimentation = The New Deal
 * FDR attacks unemployment directly
 * WPA (works progress administration) employs 3million workers
 * there was a drastic shift from family support to community responsibility
 * First lady humanizes the reforms and struggles of the people
 * social and government reforms take away many priveleges of the rich in order to help ordinary people

4. **__Scandinavian Response to the Depression__**
 * had the best depression response
 * under social democractic leadership
 * developed a unique form of socialism
 * strong tradition and cooperative action for the benefit of the common good
 * pioneered large deficits
 * high taxes
 * private and local enterprise still thrived

5. **__Recovery and Reform of Britian and France__**
 * by 1937 production increased 20% from 1929
 * focused national rather than international market, helped bring about recovery
 * low interests encouraged a housing boom
 * france hit late, government was staggered
 * looked to alternate forms of government
 * facism
 * hitler's germany
 * mussonlini's italy
 * stalin's russia
 * popular front organized to combat facisit movement
 * built of communists
 * socialists
 * radicals

Key terms: __**New the Deal** -__ Franklin D. Roosevelt goal was to reform captialism to bring the United States out of its economic slump. This deal included forceful government intervention in private and public enterprises. This plan also was extemrely experiemental. __**Social Democrats** -__ large political party in sweden and Norway, was a unique combination of Socialism and democracy.
 * __Franklin D Roosevelt -__** 32nd president of the united states, tried to bring the US out of the economic decline with his revolutionary "new deal"
 * __Great depression -__** `an economic depression that hit globally rather than just selecet areas of the world; this started with the stock market crash in the US and caused a global economic panic leading to a economic decline.
 * __Popular Front -__** alliance of Communists, socialists and radicals to fight the growing facist groups.
 * __WPA -__** Works Progress Administration, 1/5th of the labor force worked for WPA, FDR put in these government employment programs to help quell the economic disaster.