The+French+Revolution

=The French Revolution=

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity - What are they?

Is the Declaration of Independence Enlightened? Can you make any connections between the document and the enlightenment?
 * How might this play a role in the French Revolution?

What were the long term and immediate causes of the French Revolution?

Explain the French Social System (Estates) and why many may not consider it equal.
 * What is the Third Estate?

The Tennis Court Oath, June 20, 1789

The Storming of the Bastille, July 14, 1789

The Bastille

How did the weak leadership of Louis XVI lead to the current conditions in France, 1789? How did the Third Estate respond to a lack of representation during the Estates General?

__France Moves toward a Limited Monarchy, 1790__
Declaration of the Rights of Man, 1789
 * What makes this an enlighten document?
 * Why might the French "natural rights" be different from that of other countries?

__The Role of Women__
Women march on Versailles
 * Brings about the movement of the royal family to Paris


 * In the Constitution of 1790 women gain the right to divorce and some rights to collect from fathers of illegitimate children
 * National Assembly argued that woman were using their "charm" to corrupt the politicians and were kept out of politics to raise "high minded sons" to govern the nation.


 * In Rousseau's //Emile//, the woman is limited to child rearing and domestic duties


 * Mary Wollstonecraft writes //A Vindication of the Rights of Man// (1790) and //A Vindication of the Rights of Women// (1792)
 * She believes that "the two sexes mutually corrupt and improve each other."


 * Olympe de Gouges //Declaration of the Rights of Women//

July 1790 - The king accepted the constitution, making him the head of state but giving all lawmaking power to the National Assembly Pictures and Propaganda of the early Revolution

Replaced the provinces with departments of equal weight, metric system, prohibited monopolies and guilds, trade barriers within the nation were taken down __**The New government and the Church**__


 * National Assembly granted religious freedom to Jews and Protestants, nationalized church property and used it as collateral for a paper currency, sold land to raise money - often times going to peasants in the country side.
 * Clergy had to take an oath to the state
 * Condemned by the pope
 * Hurt relations between the educated elite and the common people of France

Constitution completed and accepted in September 1791

__ Foreign Reactions __

 * Edmund Burke: //Reflections on the Revolution in France// (1790)
 * Burke defends conservatism - France would lead to chaos and tyranny.
 * Wollstonecraft responds
 * Declaration of Pillnitz - Austria and Prussia declare their willingness to intervene, but they really had no interest in fighting the revolutionaries

__A new Legislative Assembly - OCT 1791__
 * no former members could be eligible for elections
 * Well educated, middle-class men, younger and more radical than the previous group
 * Jacobins - political affiliation or club
 * very patriotic - critical of king and aristocrat
 * **__Robespierre__** argued against violently taking on other countries
 * April, 1791 France will declare war on the Habsburg monarch, Francis II
 * Prussia and Austria form the First Coalition - Paris was open for the taking but these empires could not agree on a strategy
 * The Marseillaise is sung throughout the streets - the anthem of the revolution and France
 * Aug 1792 - the king is accused of treason and the Tuilerie was attacked. The king fled to the Legislative Assembly
 * A new National Convention is elected with universal male suffrage


 * __ The Second Revolution __**
 * September Massacres - Prisons are raided, people are slaughtered, the National Convention declares France a republic
 * new calender, "thou" rather than "you", festivals over religious holidays,
 * The Convention was beginning to see a new political group - the Girondists and the Mountain (led by Robespierre and Danton)
 * The mountina sat above the "plain" and was more left radical than their counterparts
 * In January 1793 Louis XVI was sentenced to death for treason
 * The French Army is making headway at the battle of Valmy - September 1792 - pushed through the German Rhineland abloishing feudalism along the way
 * February 1793 - Declare war on Britain, Holland, and Spain as well
 * Peasants rebelled against being drafted in the army
 * Sans culottes, or working people of Paris, exercise a strong influence over the New Convention

__Total War and Terror__
 * Revolutionary Government - Committee of Public Safety
 * Centrally controlled economy - Law of Maximum - Bread
 * The Reign of Terror
 * 40,000 executed 300,000 suspects arrested - "Enemy of the state" - Beginning of terrorism
 * intended to crush opposition of revolution
 * Law of Suspect
 * Hebertistes - Jacques Herbert - Killed for having too mush zeal
 * Republic of Virtue - patriotic festivals of reason - "DeChristification" - French Republican Calander - "Snowy, Flower, Hot"
 * Draft instituted
 * Terror without virtue is disastrous, virtue without terror is powerless

__**Thermidorian Reaction**__
 * Convention fear the Terror and executed Robespierrie July 1794
 * The Directory - Five Man executive Rule (1795-1799)
 * Dictators - More of a bourgeoisie middle class - more conservative
 * End of economic controls - Riots - Put down by force - growing inflation
 * Rural French restored a normal lifestyle - Catholic
 * Aristocracy attempt to up-rise and are put down by a man named Napoleon
 * April 1797 Election - Royalists make headway but election is no recognized by the Directory
 * Abbe Seiyes draws up a conspiracy to remove the Directory
 * New Constitution - Napoleon's - Made himself the First Console - Wins election

"It is better to eat, than to be eaten." - Napoleon
 * __The Napoleonic Era - Enlightened Despotism to its fullest?__**

__Consulate Period__
 * Dec. 25, 1799 - constitution gives Napoleon supreme power
 * Napoleonic Code
 * Code of French Law
 * Criminal Code, penal code
 * Protection of private property
 * Elimination of estates
 * Equality under the law (for men at least)
 * Careers are open to talent - enabling citizens to move up in society based on ability
 * wealth determined status- benefits middle class
 * Religious reform
 * Concordat of 1801 with Roman Catholic Church
 * "religion brings order"
 * "religion keeps the poor man from killing the rich"
 * not official religion but the religion of the majority
 * French gov appoints bishops
 * Catholics can worship in public again
 * Christian calendar reestablished
 * Financial Unity
 * Bank of France (1800)
 * established a sound currency for borrowing
 * Stimulates the economy
 * Education Reform
 * high standards
 * secondary schools meant to prepare young men for government service
 * education determines social status
 * Police State
 * spy system - surveillance
 * state prisons for political suspects
 * Ruthless towards opposition (the Bourbons)

__The Wars__ __The Empire Period__
 * 1798-1801 - War of the Second Coalition - Teaty of Lumville - France wins - Britain stand alone against France
 * Battle of the Nile (1798) - Losses Navy to Horatio Nelson but ultimately victorious
 * 1802- Year of Peace
 * Treaty of Amiens - gave France Holland, Austrian Netherlands, West bank of the Rhine, most of Italian peninsula
 * Reorganizes the confederation of Switzerland
 * Subdue rebellion in Haiti
 * SELLS LOUISIANA TO THE U.S. FOR $7 MILLION
 * Focus is on Europe
 * Crowns himself emperor of France
 * Sees himself as a liberator, but unleashes Nationalism
 * Builds the Grand Empire - Largest empire since the Romans
 * Nepotism - puts his family into power

__**The Continental System**__

Battle of Borodino